热门话题新词汇总A-K
AA制 Dutch treatment; go Dutch
《阿Q正传》 The True Story of Ah Q
艾滋病(获得性免疫缺陷综合征) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
爱丽舍宫 Elysée Palace
安居工程 Housing Project for low-income families
按成本要素计算的国民经济总值 GNP at factor cost
按揭贷款 mortgage loan
按揭购房 take out a mortgage to buy a house; buy a house on time
按劳分配 distribution according to one’s performance
暗恋 unrequited love; fall in love with someone secretly
暗亏 hidden loss
澳门大三巴牌坊 Ruins of St. Paul
奥姆真理教 Japanese Aum Doomsday Cult
B to B (B2B) business to business
B to C (B2C) business to consumer
巴黎证券交易所 Paris Bourse
把握大局 grasp the overall situation
白马王子 Prince Charming
白色行情表 white sheet
白色农业 white agriculture (also called "white engineering agriculture"; It refers to microbiological agriculture and biological cell agriculture.)
白手起家 starting from scratch
白雪公主 Snow White
摆架子 put on airs
摆谱儿 put on airs; show off; keep up appearances
拜把兄弟 sworn brothers
拜年 pay New Year call
搬迁户 relocated families
半拉子工程 uncompleted project
棒球运动记者 scribe
傍大款 (of a girl) find a sugar daddy; be a mistress for a rich man; lean on a moneybags
包二奶 have a concubine (originally a Cantonese expression)
包干到户 work contracted to households
包干制 overall rationing system; scheme of payment partly in kind and partly in cash
包工包料 contract for labor and materials
保持国民经济发展的良好势头 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy
保持国有股 keep the State-held shares
保健食品 health-care food
保理业务 factoring business
保税区 the low-tax, tariff-free zone; bonded area
保证金 margins, collateral
保证重点支出 ensure funding for priority areas
保值储蓄 inflation-proof bank savings
报国计划的实施 implementation of Dedicator’s Project
北欧投资银行 Nordic Investment Bank
本本主义 bookishness
《本草纲目》 Compendium of Materia Medica
本垒打 circuit clout, four-master, round trip
本命年 one’s year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches
奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life
笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start.
蹦击 bungee, bungee jumping
逼上梁山 be driven to drastic alternatives
比较经济学 comparative economics
比上不足，比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst
闭门羹 given cold-shoulder
边际报酬 marginal return
边缘科学 boundary science
变相涨价 disguised inflation
便携式电脑 portable computer; laptop; notebook computer
标书 bidding documents
表演赛 demonstration match
剥夺冠军 strip the gold medal of somebody
博彩（业）lottery industry
博士生 Ph.D candidate
补缺选举 by-election
布达拉宫 Potala Palace
布雷顿森林体系 Bretton Woods system
不败记录 clean record, spotless record
不承诺放弃使用武器 not undertake to renounce the use of force
不打不成交 No discord, no concord.
不到长城非好汉 He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.
不分上下的总统选举结果the neck-and-neck presidential election result
《不见不散》 Be there or be square.
不可再生资源 non-renewable resources
不良贷款 non-performing loan
不夜城 sleepless city, ever-bright city
不正之风 bad (harmful) practice; unhealthy tendency
步行天桥 foot bridge
擦边球 edge ball, touch ball
擦网球 net ball
财政收入 fiscal revenue
采取高姿态 show magnanimity
菜篮子工程 shopping basket program
参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs
沧海桑田 Seas change into mulberry fields and mulberry fields change into seas--time brings great changes to the world.
What was once the sea has now changed into mulberry fields--the world is changing all the time.
仓储式超市 stockroom-style supermarket
草根工业 grass root industry (refers to village and township enterprises which take root among farmers and grow like wold grass)
层层转包和违法分保 multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting
差额投票 differentail voting
差额选举 competitive election
茶道 sado
查房 make/go the rounds of the wards
拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul
拆迁户 households or units relocated due to building demolition
搀水股票 water-down stocks (ordinary stocks that can be bought by persons inside a stock company or a business at a cost lower that their face value)
禅 dhyana
产粮大省 granary province
产品结构 product mix
产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理 clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management
产权制度、产权关系 property relations; property order
产销直接挂钩 directly link production with marketing
产业的升级换代 upgrading of industries
产业结构升级 upgrading of an industrial structure
长二捆 LM-2E
长江三角洲 Yangtze River delta
长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共 long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe
长线产品 product in excessive supply
畅通工程 "Smooth Traffic Project"
唱高调 mouth high-sounding words
超高速巨型计算机 giant ultra-high-speed computer
超前消费 over consuming, excessive consumption
炒作 speculation
彻头彻尾的反动政治势力an out and out reactionary political force
成份指数 component index
成吉思汗 Genghis Khan
成组技术 group technology
城市规划 city’s landscaping plan; urban planning
城市中年雅皮士 yuppie （一批中年专业人士，附庸风雅，矫揉造作，崇尚竟品至上，攀比银行存款等摆阔作风，由middle-aged urban yuppie缩合而成）
城乡信用社 credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas
承包 contract with
承销商underwriter
吃大锅饭 egalitarian practice of "everybody eating from the same big pot"
吃皇粮 receive salaries, subsidies, or other supported from the government
重复建设 building redundant project; duplication of similar projects
抽杀成功 hit through
筹备委员会 preparatory committee
筹资 raised capital/proceeds
出风头 show off; in the limelight
出口创汇能力 capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports
出口加工区 export processing zones
出口卖方信贷 seller’s credit on exports
出口退税制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods; export (tax) rebate
出口押汇 bill purchased (B/P); outward documentary bill
出口转内销 domestic sales of commodities originally produced for exports
出家 pravrajana; cloister
传销 pyramid selling; multi-level marketing
窗口行业 various service trades
创建卫生城市：build a nationally advanced clean city
创业园 high-tech business incubator; pioneer park
吹风会 (advanced) briefing
春蕾计划 Spring Buds Program
春运 (passenger) transport during the Spring Festival
《春秋》 Spring and Autumn Annals
磁悬浮列车 Maglev train (magnetically levitated train), magnetic suspension train
辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new
此地无银三百两 A guilty person gives himself away by consciously protesting his innocence.
次新股 sub-new stock
从粗放经济转变为集约经济 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy
粗放式管理 extensive management
促进全球经济一体化 foster integration with the global economy
存款保证金 guaranty money for deposits
"达标"活动 "target hitting" activities
打白条 issue IOU
打包贷款 packing credit (loan)
打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering
打假 crack down on counterfeit goods
打破僵局 break the deadlock
打顺手 find one’s touch, get into gear, settle into a groove
大包干 all-round responsibility system
大轰动 blockbuster
大力扣杀 hammer
大路货 staple goods
大满贯 grand slam
大开眼界 open one’s eyes; broaden one’s horizon; be an eye-opener
大款 tycoon
大排档 sidewalk snack booth; large stall
大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all
大胜 white wash
大腕 top notch
大卫教 Branch Davidian
大型电视系列片,长篇电视连续剧 maxi-series
大学生创业 university students’ innovative undertaking
大要案 major and serious criminal cases
大昭寺Jokhang Temple.
大专生 junior college student
大专文凭 associate degree
大藏经 Tripitaka
带薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits
待岗 await job assignment, post-waiting
待业 job-waiting
代职 function in an acting capacity
单循环制 single round-robin system
■群关系 Party-masses relationship
■政机关 Party and government organizations
捣浆糊 give the runaround
盗版VCD pirated VCD
盗打（电话) free call on somebody else’s expense through illegal means
盗用公款 embezzlement
单刀赴会 start a solo run
倒票 speculative reselling of tickets
倒爷 profiteer
倒春寒 unusually cold spell in an otherwise warm early spring
倒计时 countdown
等外品 off-grade goods, rejects
邓小平外交思想 Deng Xiaoping’s diplomatic thoughts
低调 low keyed (a metaphor for taking a cautious and slow approach)
第二产业 secondary industry
第二上市 secondary listing
第三产业 tertiary industry; service sector
第三代移动电话(3G手机) third generation mobile; 3G mobile
第一发球权 first inning
第一发球员 first server
第一双打 first pair
地方保护主义 regional protectionism
地方财政包干制 system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances
地球村 global village
地区差异 regional disparity
地热资源 geothermal resources
地市级城市 prefecture-level city
点球 penalty kick
点子公司 consultancy company
电话号码升位 upgrade telephone number
电话会议 teleconference
电视直销 TV home shopping
电信运营商 telecom operators
电子商务认证 e-business certification
吊球 drop shot
吊销执照 revoke license
钉子户 person or household who refuses to move and bargains for unreasonably high compensation when the land is requisitioned for a construction project
定向培训 training for specific posts
豆腐渣"工程 jerry-built project
毒枭 drug trafficker
独立核算工业企业 independent accounting unit(enterprise)
"渡假外交" holiday-making diplomacy
短期债务 floating debt
断交信 Dear John letter (from woman to man)
对...毫无顾忌 make no bones about ...
对冲基金 hedge fund
对外招商 attract foreign investment
队长袖标(足球） skipper’s armband
多■合作制 multi-party co-operation in exercising State power
多任务小卫星 small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)
夺冠 take the crown
厄尔尼诺现象 El Nino phenomenon
恶性通货膨胀 hyperinflation
恶性循环 vicious circle
(把…当成)耳旁风Like water off (on) a duck’s back
二板市场; 创业板市场 growth enterprise board; second board; hi-tech board
二次创业 start a new undertakinge
二级市场secondary market
二进宫 to enter the palace a second time (people with a past criminal record again commits a crime, and is convicted and put into a correctional institution)
二流选手 scrub, second-rater
二手房 second-hand house
二元经济 dual economy
发案率 incidence (of criminal cases)
发烧友 fancier; zealot; enthusiastic fan
发展不平衡 disparate development
发展是硬道理 Development is of overriding importance. / Development is the absolute need.
法治国家 a country under the rule of law
■■国家 a state with an adequate legal system
翻两番 quadruple
反败为胜 bring about a complete turnabout, pull out of the fire
反不正当竞争法 Law of the People’s Republic of China Against Competition by Inappropriate Means
反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government
防抱死系统 ABS (anti-lock braking system)
防洪工程 flood-prevention project
房管 real estate management
访谈式竞选 （候选人在电视访谈节目中亮相进行的竞选）talk-show campaign
放高球 lob
放下架子 to relinquish haughty airs; to get off one’s high horse; throw off one’s airs
放行单 release permit
飞毛腿（导弹）Scud missile
飞行药检 spot check
非对称数字用户环路 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)
费改税 transform administrative fees into taxes
分拆上市 A subsidiary company of a corporation is listed on the stock market.
分流 reposition of redundant personnel
分期付款 installment payment
分税制 system of tax distribution
（产品）分销 sub underwriting, distribution
粉领族 pink-collar tribe (Women who play major role in certain professions such as office workers, secretaries, models, airline hostesses, etc)
风险投资 venture capital; risk investment
疯牛病 mad cow disease; bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
锋利扣杀 razor-sharp smash
封闭式基金 close-ended fund
封杀出局 force out
“封圣” canonization of "Saints"
福利彩票 welfare lotteries
福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system
浮动工资 floating wages; fluctuating wages
扶贫 poverty alleviation
覆盖率 coverage rate
复式住宅duplex apartment; compound apartment (a type of residential housing that maximizes usable space by increasing the number of the storey building)
改制上市：An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.
尴尬，困境，糟糕 pretty pass
感谢款待的信 a bread and butter letter (a letter sent as thanks for being treated well as someone’s guest)
干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化 make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent
港人治港 Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong
高层次、全方位的对话 high-level and all-directional dialogue
高产优质 high yield and high quality
高度自治 high degree of autonomy
高杠杆交易机构 highly-leveraged institutions (HLI)
高官会 Senior Officials Meeting (SOM)
高级商务师 Certified Business Executive
高架公路 elevated highway; overhead road
高科技板块 high-tech sector
高难度动作 stunner, stunt
高清晰度 high definition
高新技术产业开发区 high and new technology industrial development zone
(公路）隔离带 median
根本政治制度 fundamental political system
个人收入应税申报制度 the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment
个人自扫门前雪， 莫管他人瓦上霜 hoe one’s own potatoes
各大菜系 major styles of cooking
各尽所能let each person do his best; from each according to his ability
"各就位" "On your marks!"
跟踪审计 follow-up auditing
恭喜发财 May you be prosperous!; Wish you all the best!
功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.
工程公司 engineering company
工商局 industrial and commercial bureau
工薪阶层 salaried; state employee; salaried person
工业控制一体化integrated industrial control; industrial control of integration
工业园区 industrial park
公费医疗 medical services at state expense
公告板服务 Bulletin Board Service (BBS)
公检法 public security organs, procuratorial organs and people’s courts
公积金public accumulation funds, public reserve funds
公开喊价市场 open outcry markets
公款吃喝 recreational activities using public funds
公司分立与解散 separation and dissolution of a company
公益林 public welfare forest
公正、公平、公开 just, fair and open
公证财产 notarize the properties
■■■领导下的多■合作与政治协商 multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of Communist Party
狗仔队dog packs; paparazzo (singular), paparazzi (plural) (It refers to those journalists who are hunting the news of celebrities.)
骨干企业 key enterprise
股本share capital
股本金 equity capital
挂靠 be attached or affiliated to; be subordinate to
挂职 1) take a temporary post (in order to temper oneself); 2) serve in a lower level unit for a period while retaining one’s position in the previous unit
关税壁垒 customs barrier; tariff wall
光谷 optical valley
光机电一体化 optical, mechanical and electronic integration
光盘杂志 CD-ROM magazine
光通讯 photo-communication; optical communication
广告电话直销direct response advertising
广域网 wide area network (WAN)
皈依三宝 become a Buddhist
归口管理 put under centralized management by specialized departments
国产化率 import substitution rate; localization rate of parts and components
国防动员体制 the mobilization for national defense
国际惯例 international common practice
国际化战略 internationalization strategy
国际日期变更线 International Date Line (IDL)
《国际先驱论坛报》 International Herald Tribune
国际商业机器公司 International Business Machine Corporation (IBM)
国家经济体制改革委员会 the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic Systems
国家控股公司 state-controlling company
国家普通话水平考试 National Proficiency Test of Putonghua
国家一级保护 first-grade State protection
国家质量技术监督局 the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision
国脚 player of the national football team; footballer of the national team
国库券 treasury bonds
国民■ Kuomintang
国民经济支柱产业 pillar industries in national economy
国民生产总值 gross national product (GNP)
国内生产总值 gross domestic product (GDP)
国土局 Land and Resources Bureau
国债专项资金 special fund for treasury bond
过度开垦 excess reclamation
过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little
海市蜃楼, 镜花水月, 无稽之谈 a mare’s nest
海湾战争综合症 the complexities of the Gulf War
函授大学 correspondence university
旱地滑雪场 mock skiing park
汉字处理软件 Chinese character processing software
航母 aircraft carrier
航向错误, 奉行错误方向 on the wrong tack
豪赌 unrestrained gambling
好事不出门，恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.
好出风头的运动员 exhibitionist, grandstander
好莱坞大片 Hollywood blockbuster
"好球" "Strike"
和服 Kimono
合理引导消费 guide rational consumption
合议庭 collegiate bench
核销 cancel after verification
黑店 gangster inn
黑客 hacker
黑社会 Mafia-style organizations; gangland
宏观调控 macro-control
红包 （中）red paper containing money as a gift, (贬) bribe, kickback
红筹股red chips
红股 bonus share
《红楼梦》A Dream in Red Mansions (The Story of the Stone)
红帽子企业 red cap enterprise (refers to the reputation a private enterprise enjoys by becoming attached to a government department and doing business in the name of a state-run or collective-run enterprise)
红细胞生成素 Erythropoietin (EPO)
环太平洋地区 Pacific Rim
后防空虚 leave the defense exposed
后台管理 back-stage management
呼啦圈 hu la hoop
胡子工程 long-drawn-out project (a project which takes so long that young workers become bearded)
虎父无犬子 A wise goose never lays a tame egg.
互动广告 interactive advertisement
户口簿 residence booklet
户口管理制度 domicile system, residence registration system
户主 head of a household
护身法宝 amulet
华表 ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele
华盖 canopy
滑板车 scooter
"坏球" "Ball"
还俗 resume secular life, unfrock
换手率 turnover rate
"黄、赌、毒" pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking
黄金时段 prime time
(吃)"皇粮" public grain funds, goods, etc provided by the government; salary paid by the state
挥棒 swing
挥棒不中 fan
灰色收入 income from moonlighting
汇丰银行 Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation
婚介所 matrimonial agency
婚外恋 extramarital love
活到老，学到老 One is never too old to learn.
火炬计划 Torch Program (a plan to develop new and high technology)
货币化 monetization
货币回笼 withdrawal of currency from circulation
货到付款 cash on delivery
机场建设费 airport construction fee
机构投资者 institutional investor
机构臃肿 overstaffing in organizations (government)
基本路线要管一百年 The basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come.
基本国情 fundamental realities of the country
基层■■ democracy at the grassroots level
基层组织 organizations at the grass-roots level
基础设施 infrastructure construction
基因工程 genetic engineering
基因突变 genetic mutation
积压产品 overstocked commodities (inventories)
绩优股 blue chip
激烈竞争 cut-throat competition
吉尼斯世界记录 Guinness (Book of Records)
吉祥物 mascot
缉毒队 narcotics squad
缉私力量 the forces engaged in the fight against smuggling
集体婚礼 collective wedding ceremony
集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development
计划单列市 city specifically designated in the state plan
计划生育责任制 responsibility system of family planning
计算机中央处理器 central processing unit(CPU)
记者席 press box
"既成事实" fait accompli (noun)
既往不咎, 忘掉旧嫌 let bygones be bygones
技术产权交易所 technology equity market; technology property right exchange
技术交底 confide a technological secret to somebody
技术密集产品 technology-intensive product
技术下乡 spread technological knowledge to farmers
嘉宾 distinguished guest, honored guest
加班 work extra shifts
加密 encrypt
加权平均值 weighted average
加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion
家庭联产承包责任制 the household contract responsibility system
家族企业 family firm
假唱 lip-synch
假动作 deception, feint
甲骨文 inscriptions on oracle bones
假日经济 holiday economy
坚持统一，反对分裂，增加了解，化解歧见 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences
监督部门 watchdog
尖端产品 highly sophisticated products
剪彩 cut the ribbon
剪刀差 the scissors gap between the prices of ... and ...
减负 alleviate burdens on sb.
减速玻璃(汽车）decelerating glass
减员增效 downsizing for efficiency; cut payroll to improve efficiency
建/平仓open/close a position
江南水乡 the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River
讲诚信，反欺诈： honor credibility and oppose cheating
降落伞候选人，外来候选人（应召而来参加本人非所在地区竞选的政■候选人）parachute candidate
教书育人 impart knowledge and educate people
脚踩两只船 sit on the fence
脚踏实地 be down-to-earth
侥幸球 fluke
教学法 pedagogy; teaching method
教育部社政司 Social Science Research and Ideological Work Department of the Ministry of Education
接口 interface
街道企业 neighborhood enterprise
街心花园 park at an intersection; garden in the city center
节奏布鲁斯音乐（RMB音乐） rhythm blues
解放生产力 emancipate the productive forces
解放思想、实事求是的思想路线 ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts
解困基金 anti-poverty funds
结售汇制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales
戒毒所 drug rehabilitation center
戒急用忍 overcome impetuosity and exercise patience; no haste, be patient
金本位 gold standard
金边债券 gilt-edged bonds
金刚经 Vajracchedika-sutra
金降落伞 golden parachute
金融电子化 computerize financial services
金融危机 financial crisis
金税工程 Golden Tax Project
金无足赤, 人无完人 Gold can’t be pure and man can’t be perfect.
紧箍咒 inhibiting magic phrase
紧密型企业集团 tightly-knit groups of enterprises
紧追 cling to, shadow, thunder on one’s trail
近海渔业 offshore fishery
近水楼台先得月 First come, first served; A water-front pavilion gets the moonlight first--the advantage of being in a favored position.
进出口商会 chamber of import and export trade
进口渗透 import penetration
进修班 class for further studies
禁渔期 closed fishing seasons
禁止在任何地方、任何环境进行一切方式的释放核能的核武器试验保爆炸 prohibit any nuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment
经常项目顺差favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account
经常性贷款 commercial lending
经常性支出 running expenses
经济林 cash tree
经济全球化 economic globalization; economic integration
经济失调指数 misery index
经济头脑 commercially minded people; people with business sense
经营管理高度科学化的现代化大企业 modern big enterprise with highly scientific management system
精简机构 streamline government organs
精品 competitive products
京剧票友 Peking Opera fan
京剧人物脸谱 types of facial make-up in Beijing opera
景泰蓝 cloisonné
敬业精神 professional dedication; professional ethics
劲射 power shot
九五攻关 State Key Task 95
居委会 neighborhood committee; residents’ committee
局域网 local area network (LAN)
举报电话 informants’ hot-line telephone
拒载 refuse to take passengers
君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green
竣工式 completion ceremony
卡丁车 kart
开发一代，储存一带，预研一代 (产品） to develop this generation of products while researching on the next generation of products
开放式基金 open-ended fund
开工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity
开工典礼 commencement ceremony
开后门under-the-counter deals; offer advantages to one’s friends or relatives by underhand means
开题报告 opening speech; opening report
开小灶 give special favor
开夜车 burn the midnight oil; work over night
看守政府, 看守内阁，过渡政府 caretaker cabinet
看跌/看涨期权 put / call option
坎儿井 karez
抗美援朝战争 War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea
抗震棚 quake-proof shelter
考研 take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools
考研热 the craze for graduate school
科技成果转化为生产力 transfer of scientific and technological achievements
科技含量 technology content
科技是第一生产力 Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.
科教兴国 rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation
科研攻关 scientific research and tackle the key research project
可持续发展 sustainable development
可持续发展战略 strategy of sustainable development
可转换债券convertible bond
刻录机 CD writer; disc-carving machine
空头支票 accommodation note, lip service
空中小姐 air hostess; air stewardess
控股公司 holding company
口蹄疫 foot-and-mouth disease
扣帽子 put a label on
跨世纪工程 a trans-century project
跨越式发展 great-leap-forward development
快速反应部队 rapid response force
快讯 news flash; flash
宽带接入 broadband access
宽带网 broadband networks
宽限期 grace period
亏损企业 enterprises running in the red/under deficit
困难职工 the needy
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